Isn't Groove this cloud based player? (I don't use it)
Then I would see if filling the fields ALBUMARTIST and ARTIST would do the trick and that Groove then adds the picture itself - as long as it recognizes the artist.
In your dump it looks like hardly any data is present ("Unknown Artist") - so the more you can offer Groove, the better.
Groove does indeed try to use an online database to fill in meta data. You can disable this option in Settings> Media Info > Off. This was the start of this rabbit hole for me as it was filling it in with strange stuff.
I have the fields ALBUMARTIST and ARTIST filed with mp3tag editor. This shows up nicely as text.
But i still cant figure out which are the covers to put in it. I can only get album covers to work.
The link to microsoft support Florian suggested is the issue I am having. But there is no ideas presented there are not helpful to solve this problem.
Can it really be this obscure to try to display a graphic for an Artist? Is this problem in other media players ? Doesnt seem like it should be this hidden in 2021